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MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATION
In 1961, the population of the district was 25,65,182
of which the workers numbered 11,33,008. A study of the occupational structure of the
working population reveals that 1,72,390 persons were engaged in miscellaneous occupation.
The break up is given below:
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Persons Males
Females
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Public Services
10098
9961
137
Educational and Scientific
Services
6048
5461
587
Religious and Welfare Services
554
486
68
Medical and health services
1711
1411
300
Legal Services
645
644
1
Business Services
282
282
-
Community Services and trade
Labour associations
313
310
3
Recreation Services
337
293
44
Personal Services
13795 9515
4280
Unspecified Services
19372 12472
6900
Mining and quarrying
132
130
2
Live-stock, forestry fishing
hunting and plantation, orchards
and allied activities
8717 6595
2122
Manufacturing
62767 44765
18002
Construction
3620
3572
48
Electricity, gas,water and
sanitary services
1860
1566
294
Trade and Commerce
24550 21749
2801
Transport, storage and
Communications
16606 16514
54
Other Services
983
968
15
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Although the population in the following decade rose to 30,38,177 the number of the
workers fell to 9,83,934. This was perhaps, due to the changes introduced in the
definition of 'worker' in the census of 1971, a direct effect of which was that females
engaged in household duties were excluded from the working category. Classification of
workers under various categories of economic activity also differed from the previous
arrangement and it resulted in a lower enumeration of miscellaneous workers whose number
reduced to 1,52,495. Details of various types of workers engaged in miscellaneous
occupations can be had from the record of 1971 census.
PUBLIC SERVICES
With the growing responsibility of the
government towards planned economic and social development of the country, employment
opportunities under the Central and State Governments at different levels have increased
considerably. Side by side activities in the public administration of corporations and
local bodies have assumed vast dimensions. Some idea may be had of this from the following
table.
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Establishments
No.
of establishments No.of employees
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1961 1971
1961
1971
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Central Government
40
43
24308
22178
State Government
83 149
13691
18458
Quasi-government
3 23
255 3015
(Central)
Quasi-government
2 11
623 3224
(State)
Local bodies
7 17
4822 9587
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Persons in the above services fall under the category of fixed income earners who are hard hit by the rising cost of living. However, comparative position of Central Government employees is much better than those under the employment of the State Government or the local bodies, if fringe benefits are taken into account. Dearness allowance is being paid to all classes of such employees at rates varying in accordance with their salaries. Benefits like, provident fund and medical treatment are available to the government as well as employees of the local bodies, while pension facilities are extended to government servants only. Leave rules have been revised by the government to provide more relief to its temporary employees. Other benefits include granting of advances for the purchases of a conveyance, construction of a house. Residential accommodation at moderate rent is made available in government colonies. House rent allowances is also paid to certain categories of employees. Non-practicing allowance is sanctioned to medical staff holding posts prohibiting private practice. The employees are free to form associations or unions for their welfare and for protection and promotion of their service conditions. The State employees of the district have joined the State Employees' Joint Council or the Ministerial Employees' Association which are affiliated to their respective parent bodies at the State level. The employees of the local bodies have, become members of the Local Authorities Employees' Association and the employees of the State Road Transport Corporation are members of the Employees' Road Transport Corporation Joint Council. These are affiliated to the apex organisations at the State legislative.
LEARNED PROFESSIONS
Education
Teaching continues to be regarded a noble profession. For the propagation of literacy and education among the masses vast avenues of employment as teachers have been opened to the educated persons in recent years. In the past teaching was associated with classes of persons whose hereditary profession was teaching children in their private pathshalas or madarsas. It was considered an act of philanthropy and no regular tuition fee was charged. Now things have altered. The modern system of education has completely replaced the traditional class of private pundits and maulvis by regular salaried school teachers.
In 1961, the district had 5,142 teachers including 542 women. Of these 3,104 including 314 women were employed in the primary and middle school, 1001 including 109 women in the secondary school and 315 including 28 women in the degree and post-graduate colleges. In 1973, the number rose to 10,667 including 1,462 women of which 7,502 including 1,032 women were in the primary middle schools and 3,165 including 430 women in the higher secondary schools.
Since 1964, the triple benefit scheme has been extended to State-aided institutions run by local bodies or private managements bringing the advantages of contributory provident fund, compulsory life insurance and pension, including family pension to teachers.
Teachers' wards are entitled to free tuition up to intermediate classes. Needy and disabled teachers can get financial assistance from the National Foundation for Teachers' Welfare Fund and those suffering from tuberculosis can get admission to the Bhowali Sanitorium where certain seats are reserved for them. The teachers of the district have organized themselves into the Gorakhpur University Teachers' Association, the Secondary Teachers' Association and the Primary Teachers' Association for protection and promotion of their service interests.
In 1961, there were 2 authors, 10 editors, one translator, 26 painters, 7 actors, 69 musicians, 41 dancers and 2 artists in the district.
Medicine
In 1961, there were 178 allopathic physicians and surgeons,159 physicians of Ayurvedic, 81
of homeopathy and 76 of other systems. There were 10 dentists. The nurses, pharmacists and
other medical and health technicians numbered 890. Of these nurses numbered 193, midwives
and health visitors 101, nursing attendants and related workers 136, pharmacists 43,
vaccinators 157, sanitation technicians 74 and medical and health technicians 186. In
1973, the State hospitals and dispensaries had on their staff 91 doctors including one
homeopath, 2 hakims, 66 midwives, 74 compounders, 103 dais and 26 health visitors.
A branch of the Indian Medical Association was established in the district in 1928 with a
membership of 6. The association aims to promote medical and allied services and medical
education to improve public health, and to maintain the honour and dignity of the medical
profession. It had 124 members on roll in 1973.
Law
In 1961, the jurists numbered 558 of whom 24 were judges and magistrates, 316 legal
practitioners and 218 jurists and legal technicians.
In 1973, there were about 1,200 practicing lawyers in the district. They had one in more
moharris (Clerk) depending on the size of their clientele. The State Government appoints
district government counsels for criminal, civil and revenue work from among qualified
legal practitioners to conduct its cases. To lighter their burden some lawyers appointed
as panel lawyers and special counsels.
With the influx of new entrants in large numbers, legal practice has become more
competitive though not less, remunerative. Some malpractices have also crept in. Still the
profession retains its high position in the community. Lawyers lead in almost all
spheres of public activity particularly those connected with social service and politics.
Mostly the lawyers practice at the district headquarters as majority of the cases lie in
courts located there. The legal practitioners of the district have formed the Bar
Association Civil Courts and Bar Association Collectorate, Gorakhpur with their branches
operating at the headquarters of tahsils Pharenda, Bansgaon and Maharajganj. The numbers
who had joined the various bar associations in the district was about 500 in 1973.
Engineering
In 1961, there were 170 civil engineers including overseers, 90 mechanical engineers, 17
electrical engineers, 2 metallurgical engineers and one chemical engineer. There were 38
architects and 7 surveyors in the district. Engineering services in this district are
represented mainly in four branches, the building and roads, the irrigation, the local
self-government engineering and the hydel. They have separate divisions of survey, designs
and construction. The municipal board Gorakhpur and the Zila Parishad have two engineers
each. Several industrial establishment of the district have on their pay roll qualified
engineers and diploma holders. Besides these, there are some engineers, architects and
surveyors who work privately.
Domestic And Personal Service
Domestic Servants
Domestic servants comprise a fair population of the district. They are necessarily
unskilled workers but get lower wages as compared to other members of the labour class.
They render whole-time as well as limited or part-time service in houses. Full-time
domestic servants are generally employed by well-to-do persons only. Usually these persons
are paid remuneration in cash but occasionally receive meals, garments and other amenities
also alongwith the cash. They dwell in slums or in out-houses or accommodation provided by
their masters and eke out a miserable living. They have no security of job and often
change masters. In 1961, there were 4,788 house-keepers, cook, maid servants and related
workers of whom 1,213 were cooks and cook-bearers and 3.315 butlers, bearers, waiters and
maid servants. There were 110 ayas and nurse-maids and house-keepers. The number of
cleaners, sweepers and watermen was 2,529.
Barbers
In the past barbers or 'nais' used to visit families either daily or weekly rendering
service but with the advance of time they have opened saloons for this purpose and no
longer move from house to house. The number of hair cutting saloon is larger in the urban
areas and are manned by more than one person, the owners employing, paid workers. Some
barbers attend their customers on roadside payments and save expenditure on establishment,
particularly on festival occasions.
Barbers besides rendering face lifting services, also perform traditional duties in
rituals and sacraments like marriage, naming and mundan, death, etc., when they are
assisted by their women-folk as well. In 1961, there were 1,910 barbers in the district of
whom 416 worked in the urban areas.
Washermen
In towns, the washermen still go from house to house collecting dirty linen.They are not
so much in demand now in towns owing to high rates and larger use of synthetic fabrics
which are easily washable at home and are crease resistant. Conditions obtaining in the
villages however, have not undergone any substantial change. In towns laundries and dry
cleaning units have become quite popular.
In 1961, there were in the district 6,108 washermen and laundrymen and29 dry cleaners and
pressers.
Tailors
In urban areas tailoring is considered to be an art and needs specialized training.
Big tailors use the scissors themselves but employ a number of workers on daily or monthly
wages for stitching and sundry jobs. In the rural areas the entire job is done by a single
individual. Kurtas, shirts and pyjamas continue to be the chief items of tailored dress in
rural areas where the women-folk hardly sew their own or children garments at home. In
1961, there were 2,527 tailors and related workers in the district.
OTHER OCCUPATIONS
Among those pursuing certain other occupations in the district in 1961, there were 13,473 knitters, weavers, spinners and dyers, 2,877 carpenters, joiners and pattern makers, 3,257 hawkers, pedlars and street vendors, 2,719 jewelers, goldsmiths and silversmiths, 2,557 auto-drivers, 2,068 blacksmiths, hammersmiths and foremen, 635 salesmen and shop attendants, 1,754 bakers, confectioners, candy and sweetmeat makers, 1,706 brick layers, plasterers, 1,120 cycle-rickshaw pullers, 1,071 electricians, 796 shoe-makers and shoe repairers, 729 sawyers and wood-mechanics, 721 gardeners, 507 painters and paper hangers, 533 fishermen, 468 animal-drawn vehicle drivers, 336 tobacco preparers, cigar and bidi makers, 235 stone-cutter, 351 loggers and forestry workers, 123 butchers, 115 leather cutters, 101 miners and quarrymen, 99 sewers, darners and embroiderers, 86 photographers, 69 musicians 68 plantation labourers and 51 plumbers and pipe fitters.
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